底泥加入铁盐对水体磷的吸收和固定

对加入FeCl3的底泥在扰动条件下对外源磷的吸收效果进行研究,并通过内源磷数量分布分析了固定效果.磷吸附等温线结果表明,对FeCl3质量百分比占2%的底泥而言,磷吸附最大值、磷平衡浓度、磷饱和度分别为未加入FeCl3的原底泥的273%、85.7%、60.7%.磷吸附实验结果表明,加入FeCl3的底泥对上覆水中磷的吸收能力增加.FeCl3质量百分比占1%和2%的底泥对外源磷的吸收量分别为未加入FeCl3的原底泥的150%和210%,而达到饱和时间也分别从17 d延长至26 d和35 d.内源磷的主要分布为Fe/Al-P(57.1%—63.4%)、HCl-P(19.9%—28.4%)、NH4Cl-P(12.9%—15.2%).由于FeCl3的加入抑制了Fe/Al-P向HCl-P的转化,加入的外源磷主要形成了藻类可利用磷(AAP).     

Metal partitioning in sediment pore water from the Ondo coastal region,Nigeria

Distribution and equilibrium partitioning of metals (Cd, Cu, Cr, Fe, Ni, Pb, Mn, and Zn) between pore water and surface sediments at the Ilaje coast of Ondo State, Nigeria, were studied. The Ilaje River can be one of the interesting research locations because of its economic nature and history of oil pollution. Seasonal variations were observed to investigate possible variations in the availability of metals for organisms throughout the year. The concentrations in both sediments and pore water during the dry and wet seasons were as follows: Cu?>?Fe???Mn?>?Pb?>?Ni?>?Cr?>?Cd?>?Zn. The pore water–sediment partition coefficient (K _p) showed that Zn and Cd were highly mobile while Fe and Cu have restricted mobility. Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in pore water had a strong influence on mobility and bioavailability of all the metals (p?K _oc), increased levels of Fe and Cu were linked to lithological origin. Concentrations of Pb and Ni were associated with petroleum-related sources. The significance of the field-based techniques for ecotoxicological purposes is discussed.     

运用关联度分析硒镧复合作用下巴西蘑菇氨基酸含量与砷含量的关系

通过采用混合培养料试验、日立8810型氨基酸自动分析仪和原子吸收法测定氨基酸含量和砷含量以及灰色系统理论分析关联度,研究了硒镧复合作用下巴西蘑菇子实体氨基酸含量和砷含量的变化和关系,为栽培砷含量低的巴西蘑菇提供科学依据.各硒镧复合处理的关联度排序为:B4>B1>B2>B0>B3.其中B4处理关联度最大,为0.835 1,B2最小,为0.726 9,说明硒镧浓度对巴西蘑菇子实体各氨基酸含量与砷含量有一定影响.各氨基酸含量与重金属砷含量关联度顺序为:丙氨酸>酪氨酸>胱氨酸>苯丙氨酸>赖氨酸>组氨酸>天门冬氨酸>异亮氨酸>苏氨酸>缬草氨酸>亮氨酸>甘氨酸>脯氨酸>精氨酸>丝氨酸>谷氨酸>甲硫氨酸.其中丙氨酸含量与砷含量关联度最大,为0.856 6,说明硒镧复合作用下巴西蘑菇子实体中丙氨酸含量与重金属砷含量的关系最为密切;关联度最小的是甲硫氨酸.     

Financial incentives,professional values and performance: A study of pay‐for‐performance in a professional organization

We investigated the effect of financial incentives on performance in a professional organization. Whereas agency theory treats tangible rewards such as money as a potentially powerful motivator for improving performance, the professional control perspective posits that the motivational effects of financial incentives will depend on the intended recipients attitudes toward the incentives relative to their professional values. The study setting was a large network of physician practices that adopted a financial incentive program to improve physician performance in the management of diabetic patients. Consistent with agency theory, performance did improve following the introduction of the incentive. However, consistent with the professional control perspective, physicians' psychologically based attitudes toward the incentive program regarding its impact on their own work autonomy and the importance of the performance goals moderated the effect of the incentive on performance. Study findings indicate that agency theory and professional control are complementary theoretical perspectives for understanding how professionals will respond to the imposition of performance‐related financial incentives. In terms of practice, pay‐for‐performance programs aimed at professional organizations should be designed to take into account the values and goals of an organization's professionals to maximize the effect of financial incentives on performance. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Mobile phone use while driving: Predicting drivers’ answering intentions and compensatory decisions

The current study considered, for the first time, compensatory decisions within the theory of planned behaviour (TPB) to explain why people use mobile phones while driving. The effects of age, gender, and mobile phone mode on respondents’ answering intentions and compensatory decisions were mainly examined. A series of questions were administered to 333 drivers (ages 25-59), which included (1) demographic measures, (2) scales that measured prior mobile use activities in both driving and ordinary contexts, (3) a question to measure drivers’ perceptions of the safety of hands-free phones, and (4) TPB measures, which measured answer intention and two compensatory behavioural decisions (i.e., reminding the caller that he/she is driving, limiting the length of a conversations (including perceived its limits)), along with predictive variables. Drivers reported a moderate likelihood of answering intention and a strong tendency to engage in the two compensatory behaviours. Answering intention and compensatory decisions, perceived behavioural control, perceived risk, and usage frequency were more dependent on mobile phone mode and age group than gender. The regression models explained 64% and 67% of the variance in answering intention in the handheld and hands-free scenario separately. Attitudes, subjective norms, perceived behavioural risk and control (PBRC), and prior answering behaviour emerged as common predictors. The predictive models explained 31% and 37% of the variance for perceived limits of a conversation length in handheld and hands-free scenarios, respectively. Answering intention and PBRC consistently predicted most of the variance (handheld: 28%; hands-free: 32%) for this compensatory perception limits. The theoretical and practical implications of these results are discussed.     

Traffic culture as symbol exchange - A cross-country comparison of Russia and Norway

The core aim of the study was to gain insight into the cross-country differences in traffic risk perception and driving behaviour and also how culture and cultural differences may influence perceived risk and risk behaviour by comparing a sample of the Russian population with a sample of the Norwegian population. A new measurement instrument aimed at measuring culture as symbol exchange was applied. Self-completion questionnaire surveys were carried out among representative samples of the Norwegian (n = 247) and the Russian (n = 299) population aged 18 years and over. The results showed that culture defined as symbol exchange was weakly associated with risk perception. It is suggested that research carried out to date on the role of culture in risk research may have focused on criterion variables which are not very relevant. However, while traffic safety culture does not seem to be important for risk perception, this study shows that it seems to be relevant for drivers’ risk behaviour and thus it is still relevant and important to focus on traffic culture in risk research despite the fact that culture does not predict perceived risk. As symbol exchange, the newly developed measure of traffic safety culture is capable of predicting drivers’ risk behaviour in traffic and is therefore a valid predictor of traffic safety.     

行人违规过街行为的激励理论模型

为减少行人违规过街现象,提高行人过街的安全性,从社会心理学角度研究行人违规过街行为的动因。基于内容型激励理论和过程型激励理论对行人违规过街的行为机理进行研究。首先,将行人过街需求按照不同的层次和类别划分为安全需要、省时省力需要、社会认同需要、尊重需要和自我实现需要。然后,基于期望理论,对行人违规过街行为激励水平、效价、期望值进行建模,得出行人违规过街的行为机理。最后,对模型结果的应用分析发现,通过降低违规过街需要的效价、增加交通规则制裁的期望和增加危险感知的期望能够减少行人的违规过街行为。     

基于主成分投影法的洪水灾情评价研究

洪水灾情等级的合理评估能够为防灾、减灾及备灾工作提供科学的依据,具有重要的现实意义。首先建立主成分投影法评价模型,并给出模型的基本步骤。以受灾面积、受灾人口数、破坏房屋面积和经济损失作为评价因子,构建洪水灾情的主成分投影评价模型。利用该模型,对新疆"96.7"洪水灾害中乌鲁木齐、塔城、博州、哈密、喀什和克州6个城市的灾情进行评价。结果表明:乌鲁木齐和塔城的洪水灾情被评估为重灾;博州、哈密、喀什和克州的洪水灾情被评估为中灾。这些评价结果与集对分析(SPA)理论、贝叶斯随机评价方法、灰色关联法和脉冲耦合神经网络(PCNN)模型评价结果完全一致。     

安全疏散中人群拥挤踩踏现象的理论和模拟分析

为研究出口宽度对人群拥挤踩踏事故发生的影响程度,以某礼堂为例,建立基于排队论的安全疏散模型,理论分析并数值模拟了出口宽度为2m和4m对人员疏散的影响。研究表明,在发生火灾进行人员安全疏散过程中,当平均服务率大于等于平均到达率时,人群疏散有序,疏散效率较高;然而当平均服务率小于平均到达率时,使得人流不畅,出口过于拥堵。并且理论计算和数值模拟获得的选取适当出口宽度结果一致。对于大型场馆的出口设计具有一定的参考价值。     

基于模糊集和改进TOPSIS方法的跑道侵入风险评估

为预防民航机场跑道侵入事件的发生,减轻塔台管制员面临的跑道运行安全的压力,根据国际民航组织(ICAO)颁布的《防止跑道侵入手册》描述的空中交通管制(ATC)因素,建立影响跑道侵入的ATC指标评价体系。首先运用模糊集理论建立评价模型,并计算子指标的模糊可能性值,其值反映所论子指标风险概率。其次,采用改进的TOPSIS方法进行验证,并计算子指标的信度效度值。结果表明,得出的子指标风险值与模糊可能性值的排序一致。最后,根据子指标风险值的大小提出防止跑道侵入事件发生的建议。